Your spinal column

Your spinal (vertebral) column consists of a series of bones called vertebrae.

Vertebrae have these parts:

• body
• lamina
• pedicles
•  transverse processes
• spinous process

These parts unite to form a hole or ring, known as a spinal (vertebral) foramen (opening). All the vertebrae stacked one on top of each other make up your spinal (vertebral) column. The foramina (holes) of all vertebrae line up to create your spinal canal. This is where your spinal cord is.

Regions of your spinal column

The average spinal column is approximately 70cm long for men and 60cm long for women. It is divided into five regions that contain 26 bones (on adults):

• cervical region - 7 vertebrae
• thoracic region - 12 vertebrae
• lumbar region - 5 vertebrae
• sacral region - contains the sacrum, which in adults is formed by 5 fused vertebrae
• coccygeal region - contains the coccyx, which in adults is formed by 4 fused bones

In addition to protecting the spinal cord, your spinal column supports the weight of your trunk and limbs, and allows movement of your body. Your ribs and pelvis are also attached to it.

Curves, discs and ligaments

Your spine has a series of curves. These forward (anterior) and backward (posterior) curves, which allow your body to balance in an upright posture. They also increase strength, help assist balance and absorb shock waves from activities such as walking.

Intervertebral discs are located between vertebrae. Discs create strong joints, increase the flexibility of your spinal column and absorb the impact of vertical shocks.

Your spine is further strengthened and supported by many bands of connective tissue (ligaments). These are the anterior ligaments, posterior ligaments and the supraspinous ligament.

Nerves

Your spinal nerves pass through the spaces beneath each of the pedicles of your vertebrae. These spaces are called intervertebral foramina. These nerves connect your spinal cord to the many skeletal muscles of the body.

Autonomic nerves also pass through these spaces to connect with organs, glands and blood vessels.